Skip to content

Syria’s 4th Division: A Threat to Stability

SYRIA-RUSSIA-CONFLICT-DARAA|Screen Shot 2023-03-28 at 17.45.10

The Syrian military’s elite 4th Division has developed into a parastate under the watch of the authorities in Damascus. The group has an interest in using paramilitarism (including warlord structures and organized crime) to gain influence and has honed its ability to appropriate traditional state institutions to extend this influence. Studying the 4th Division bears importance beyond Syria’s borders because it is a good example of a state criminal nexus and highlights a political phenomenon that threatens regional and global stability. In Syria, militarization has been used to subjugate and co-opt important elements of society. Military institutions – the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and its elite units – perhaps shaped the interaction between society and the regime through systematic militarization of important civil institutions: hospitals, schools, etc. And though the elite units embodied the image of the ultimate power in the public consciousness, it remained the subject of myth and rumor for decades, as did most of its commanders, who are either related to the Assad family or are members of his inner circle. The 2011 conflict presented an opportunity for researchers to shed light on misconceptions about these units and enable a different understanding of their organization, structure, and mobilization. Yet the
studies rarely touched upon the influence the war has had on these units’ organizational forms and on their tactics of recruitment and mobilization. What factors drove the change of these mechanisms? When and why did these units mobilize civilians into paramilitary and militia involvement? And how did these changes mirror the shift of these units’ role in the war and the balance of power? Moreover, the 4th Division surfaced as an indispensable partner to the regime’s foreign allies, yet the dynamics of these relationships are ambiguous – and there are questions about when and why the ambiguity evolved. To answer these questions and shed light on the 4th Division’s practices and elite divisions’ role in the Assad regime, the authors used primary sources such as covert ethnographic interviews with 25 members of the 4th Division, Republican Guards, intelligence, and paramilitary groups, as well as literature, memoirs, media reports, and open-source data.

Related Articles

European Engagement in the Sahel

European Engagement in the Sahel

European countries have faced complexity after complexity in European and international engagement in West Africa this past year. Mali and

Western Balkans 2023: Assessment of Internal Challenges and External Threats

Western Balkans 2023: Assessment of Internal Challenges and External Threats

Nearly 30 years after the Dayton Accords, the Balkans are slipping toward violence again. Intraregional tensions are rising, and outside powers and far-right political parties are trying to capitalize on the situation.

PRESS RELEASE – New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy Launches Western Balkans Observatory

PRESS RELEASE – New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy Launches Western Balkans Observatory

WASHINGTON, D.C., Sept. 19, 2023 – The Western Balkans Observatory, an initiative by the New Lines Institute for Strategy and

September 19: Western Balkans 2023: Assessment of Internal Challenges and External Threats Report Launch

September 19: Western Balkans 2023: Assessment of Internal Challenges and External Threats Report Launch

Register to Attend In-Person 28 years after the Dayton Accords were signed, the Western Balkans are inching closer than ever